Acknowledgments About the author About this book/To the teacher/To the student Context 1 Materials: living in a world of materials Why do we use what we do? Properties make the difference Where do these materials come from Moving apart?separating substances In the beginning... Atoms?similar yet different? Elements?what's the difference? Abundance of elements of the Earth Using materials?looking at properties Organising elements?the Periodic Table Coming together?elemants making compounds What determines properties? Why compounds? What's in a name? Using things up?keeping track of atoms Recycling?counting atoms Using and recycling aluminium?an example Making the aluminium can How much? Chemical quantities! Avoiding waste?green chemistry Context 2 Water: a unique material Water is everywhere Ice and Water?the density of phenomenon Water?a shapely molecule Molecules in liquid water and ice Water going places in plants Capillary action Froom roots to leaves Blood is thicker than water Dissolving inorganic salts and ions Water of crystallisation Dissolving inorganic molecules Changing molecules Dissolving gases?oxygen Dissolving gases?Carbon dioxide Dissolving by reacting Effects of solutes upon melting and boiling points of water Getting things in and out of cells A word of warning Replacing water Guidelines for drinking water quality The water cycle Water?good enough to drink? Treating water Why does the aluminium hydroxide from a precipiate Disinfecting water Balancing the treatment To add flouride? Water hard or soft? Water softening Investigating water hardness Scale Bottled water or tap? Types of bottled water Looking after our water supplies How can water practices on the land affect what happens in the sea? Increased concentration of suspended particles Increased inorganic nutrients Increased organic matericals Increased heavy metals Monitoring water quality Temperature tests pH tests Salinity tests Total dissolved solids tests Turbidity tests Nitrate tests Phosphate tests Dissolved oxygen tests Biochemical oxygen demand test Coliforms test Heavy metal tests Context 3 Transport: a necessary evil Using energy The reciporcating internal combustion engine Main systems of the engine?fuel and ignition The ignition system Turning chemical energy into mechanical energy Fuels and energy Energy value What a wonderful energy source petrol is?or is it? What is petrol and where do we get it? Improving petrol's properties Petrol is polluting Greenhouse effect Photochemical smog and acid rain What can we do? Cars, metals and corrosion Context 4 Air:something we all share The composition of air?what we really breathe Earth's air Take a breath Investigating gases of the air Using gases Squeezing air The heat is on Calculating how much Mixtures of gases The atmosphere Structure of the atmosphere Main pollutants in our air National air quality standards Monitoring air quality Ozone?the good and the bad Ozone in the stratosphere?here today, gone tomorrow Disappearing ozone A closer look at the ozone hole Ozone in the streets?here to stay? Global warming?a hot topic Earth's energy balance Living in a greenhouse Calculating carbon dioxide Chapter 1 Classifying substances and exploring atoms 1.1 Solids, liquids and gases 1.2 Particle nature of matter 1.3 Mixtures and pure substances 1.4 Elements and compounds 1.5 Atoms and molecules 1.6 Symbols for elements 1.7 Formulae 1.8 Molecules of elements 1.9 Separating mixtures 1.10 An atom?a nucleus and as electron cloud 1.11 Some simple atoms 1.12 Atomic number and mass number 1.13 Isotopes 1.14 Relative atom mass 1.15 Physical and chemical changes 1.16 Metals and non?metals 1.17 The Periodic Table 1.18 Electron arrangements in atoms 1.19 Stable electron configurations 1.20 The Periodic Table and electron configuration Chapter 2 Mainly about compounds 2.1 Formation of ions 2.2 Ionic bonding and the Periodic Table 2.3 Covalent bonding 2.4 Covalency and the Periodic Table 2.5 Electron?dot structures for ions 2.6 Properties of covalent molecular and ionic substances 2.7 Covalent network solids 2.8 Metallic bonding 2.9 Properties of solids summarised 2.10 Formulae and names of compounds 2.11 Formulae of ionic compounds 2.12 Naming ionic compounds 2.13 Ions that are not monatomic 2.14 Formulae for covalent compounds 2.15 Naming covalent binary compounds 2.16 Equations for chemical reactions Chapter 3 Calculations involving chemical formulae and equations 3.1 Relative molecular mass (molecular weight) 3.2 Relative formula mass (formula weight) 3.3 The mole 3.4 Moles of gaseous elements 3.5 Converting between mass, moles and numbers of atoms or molecules 3.6 Per cent composition 3.7 Moles and chemical equations 3.8 Mass calculations from chemical equations Chapter 4 Intermolecular forces 4.1 Structure of water and other simple compounds 4.2 Polar covalent bonds 4.3 Dipole?dipole forces 4.4 Hydrogen bonds 4